DIRECT SCIENCES: SOLVING PROBLEMS THROUGH SCIENTIFIC NETWORKING

Genomics and its related studies boosted explorations when applied in various dimensions of biology. The most common concept employed is to mix natural abilities of various living organisms or distant biological sources in the form of genes targeted for their products. With the advent of 21st century, this field gained a pace due to the attention by various scientific communities worldwide. Though, many hurdles still exist on its way but synthetic biology has led the basis for advanced outcomes by merging the potentials of genetic engineering and electronic techniques. This piece of literature reviews the research and development of synthetic biology accomplished since past in various life sciences with emphasis on pharmaceuticals, vaccines and biofuel development. The efforts of international scientific community and international organizations are also highlighted, who developed regulations and transmitted the importance to applied level. The production of biofuel, anti-microbial drugs, vaccines or other biological components with the help of genetic engineering technology was the first generation which after integration in synthetic biology has successfully transferred to a new generation. Along with the past, this paper also forecasts the future of synthetic biology in minimizing the limitations and problems faced in biological research with the help of synthetic biology.

Synthetic Biology, Drugs, Vaccines, Biofuels

This survey was implemented to isolate, identify and analyze the susceptibility of HA-MRSA against commonly applied antibiotics as well as to detect its prevalence. Total 1394 samples of various natures were collected from different wards of Government Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) Pakistan. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and identified by using selective media and biochemical tests including catalase, and coagulase tests, followed by detection of MRSA against methicillin. Further, susceptibility of MRSA was investigated against 14 antibiotics using standard disc-diffusion protocol. Demographic analyses revealed that out of 1394 samples, pus were the highest-rated (540) samples followed by urine (381) and blood (354) while the lowest number were semen samples (7). From total number of samples, highest incidences of Staphylococcus aureus were detected in pus (71.48%), blood (68.08%) and urine (54.35%) while lowest count was 42.86% in semen samples. Among Staphylococcus aureus -positive samples, MRSA rated 100%, 66.67%, 62.95%, 44.44%, 29.68%, 21.16%, 20.93% and 0.00% in semen, sputum, pus, throat-swab, urine, blood HVS and stools samples, respectively. All MRSA was found to possess average resistance of 64.08% (while 35.92% susceptibility) against all antibiotics collectively. Individually, highly resistant MRSA were recorded 98.71% against gentamicin followed by norfloxacin (82.14%) and ciprofloxacin (79.34%) while mostly susceptible to vancomycin (92.09%), chloramphenicol (67.09%) and sparfloxacin (57.40%). Overall, most adult female were found infected than male and children and vancomycin showed highest bactericidal property.

Nosocomial Infection, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, HA-MRSA, Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern